Monday, January 28, 2013
25 de Abril e a ilusão da esquerda (EDIÇÃO REVISTA E AUMENTADA)
Imagem do regresso de Cunhal a Portugal em 1974, o tal momento que para uns foi encenado, a exemplo de Lenine, e para outros um mero acaso. Um deles é Jaime Neves, militar que enfileirou na direita, e explicou, numa entrevista ao António Ribeiro Ferreira, no CM, que ele próprio sugeriu a Cunhal que subisse ao blindado para melhor ser ouvido. Na foto, vêem-se Mário Soares, Dias Lourenço.
(Foi o que escrevi em 2008. Jaime Neves pode ser identificado no canto superior direito. Ironia das ironias: ele, que combateu sem quartéis o PCP e Cunhal, foi ele a fazer a "escolta" no regresso do velho senhor a Portugal após o 25 de Abril)
Friday, January 18, 2013
Fotos do "companheiro Vasco" com o "inimigo" em 1975 (3)
Podem ser consultadas na Gerald Ford Library
Fotos do "companheiro Vasco" com o "inimigo" em 1975 (2)
Podem ser consultadas na Gerald Ford Library
Saturday, January 12, 2013
O interesse da URSS por Portugal pelos "óculos" dos EUA
A avaliação é da Embaixada dos Estados Unidos em Moscovo sobre o(s) interesse(s) dos soviéticos em Portugal e na revolução e na Espanha de Franco. Por outras palavras, o interesse da URSS por Portugal visto pelos óculos dos EUA.
Thursday, January 10, 2013
Fotos do "companheiro Vasco" com o "inimigo" em 1975
Em 2004, na altura em que publiquei no DN um trabalho sobre a primeira e única reunião entre o primeiro-ministro, Vasco Gonçalves, e o presidente norte-americano, Gerald Ford, à margem de uma reunião da NATO, na Bélgica, em Maio de 1975, eu e o editor, o João Morgado Fernandes, só conseguimos uma foto do encontro. Foi essa que "entrou em página".
Passados quase dez anos, encontrei na Ford Library "contact sheets" de fotos desse encontro. São momentos históricos.
Há fotos de Ford e Henry Kissinger, o secretário de Estado norte-americano, de pé, à espera do "companheiro Vasco". Depois, vê-se Rosa Coutinho, o "almirante vermelho", com um sorriso (!), a cumprimentar Ford. Um fotograma à frente está um menos sorridente Vasco a saudar Ford.
No fotograma 14, vê-se Kissinger com a mão na cabeça. Ele que se queixou de ter levado uma lição sobre governação do Vasco Gonçalves. O homem forte da diplomacia norte-americana diria mais tarde que Gonçalves era comunista. A única dúvida que tinha era se o senhor pagava ou não as quota ao PCP...
(a foto pode ser encontrada no arquivo on-line da Ford Library)
A 16 de maio de 2008, publiquei o seguinte neste blogue:
Um documento da Ford Library
Esta reunião de Ford, Kissinger com Vasco Gonçalves - cujo memorando não está "on-line" - serviu de base a um capítulo do livro: "Diálogo de surdos em Bruxelas – O frente-a-frente de Vasco Gonçalves com Ford e Kissinger".
DECLASSIFIED
E.O. 12958 Sec. 3.6
MR 95-83, #24, NSC ltr 6/25/96
By let, NARA, Date 1/16/97
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
Notes of the Cabinet Meeting June 4th, 1975 - 2:00 p.m.
The President entered the Cabinet Room at 2:10 p.m.
The Press entered at 2:12 p.m.; departed at 2:15 p.m.
The President opened the meeting and thanked the members of the Cabinet and staff for the warm welcome. He indicated that a major vote had just taken place and that the Administration sustained the veto on the Jobs Bill by a vote of 277 to 145. He mentioned that one week to ten days ago, the Administration could not have sustained the veto. The message the President gave to the Republicans was that if Republicans could not hold the line on this one, it would open the flood gate. The President was generous in his praise for everyone, specifically naming (for their testimony) Weinberger, Morton, and Zarb; and for the Congressional effort, Jack Marsh and Max Friedersdorf. The President added that he believed this was a significant victory, a major victory, and perhaps the most important vote for the Administration since he has been President.
The President then began his discussion of foreign policy, indicating that he left with hopes and returned with no regrets. That in discussing that which had transpired in Europe on the return flight, the feeling was that they were very satisfied; it was a successful trip and they made all of the headway they had hoped to make. The President believed the meeting with NATO was important for several reasons: 1) To strengthen the Alliance, 2) To indicate his personal interest in and maintenance of European relationships; and 3) Also, to serve notice that the Alliance needs to recognize Spain as a part of NATO for the defense of Europe. The United States has an arrangement with Spain, which adds to the total defense of Europe.
Historically, the European Community has not welcomed Spain because of its dictatorship and support of the German Empire during World War II.
The President's discussion with the Prime Minister of Portugal was cordial. The United States was very firm and blunt in its discussion with him. The United States indicated to the Prime Minister that it sees many deficiencies in its present Government. In fact, the President asked him to de-
PAGE 2
scribe his system of Government and it took the Prime Minister some twenty minutes just to tell the President how his Government makes decisions. It was suggested that the system was a bit chaotic. The President indicated that he believed there could not be a double standard, one for Spain and one for Portugal, in the United States' relationship with the two countries. Therefore, it was important that the United States maintains an interest in, and be candid with Portugal.
In Spain the President's efforts concentrated on the military situation and the maintenance of the United States air bases there. It is important to Western Europe to have the Mediterranean area secure and United States bases in Spain add to that security. The President was warmly received in Spain and there were huge crowds on his motorcade route.
In Austria the President indicated he tumbled into Austria, but that he really felt that Betty had tripped him, then ran away and left him to get to his feet all by himself. He indicated that the meeting with Sadat was excellent and the personal rapport between the two leaders is very good. He did indicate to Sadat that the United States was continuing its reassessment of the Middle East and that the United States wants to explore all facts, options, and possibilities. The President feels there are three choices to be made: 1) Resume step-by step diplomacy, 2) Develop a comprehensive settlement, which would raise serious problems with final frontiers, and 3) Specific bilateral agreements within the parameters of the comprehensive plan. The President indicated to Sadat that all of those would be taken into consideration during the reassessment.
In Rome the President discussed the entire underside or belly of NATO, the Mediterranean area, Portugal, Turkey, Greece, Spain, and all of the problems related to that. He believes the Italians are making good progress on the economic front and while it is not decisive yet, there is a feeling that the Italians are doing a good job. The President said he was very impressed with the people he met in the Government, specifically citing Leone and Moro as being very sharp. He was cordially received and the discussions were very fruitful.
The President mentioned that he had a very impressive audience with the Pope. He had been told the Pope was very sick, however, he appeared to be well, giving the President a good handshake and speaking in a very strong voice. He covered a wide range of topics in a long meeting. He was impressed with the Pope and with the reception at the Vatican.
PAGE 3
The President in summing up his trip to Europe, said the total trip signifies the forward movement and momentum of American foreign policy. In spite of the problems with Vietnam and all of Southeast Asia, the United States will stand firmly by its Allies; it will maintain its commitments, and American foreign policy will be strong and bold in future years.
The President then asked Henry if he cared to make any comments.
Secretary Kissinger said that when the United States first proposed a NATO Meeting, the Allies were not enthusiastic about it. It came at a very difficult time for the United States and no one in NATO was particularly excited about having a meeting.
There was a discussion as to whether or not the United States should take new and creative measures, even some gimmickry in getting this group together. The final decision was made by the President, when he said he wanted to have a straight forward meeting with NATO with no ploy or gimmicks. Secretary Kissinger's belief was that the major point the President made at NATO is that the U. S. is back in business. The United States knew what it was doing, had a firm commitment, and showed clear direction in its discussion with other countries.
An example of the kind of impression left was best summed up by Prime Minister Trudeau of Canada. Trudeau told others at one of the closing sessions, that the meeting was so good and so beneficial, that it should be institutionalized. He indicated that NATO should cover the entire agenda of issues before world countries as opposed to just defense. Since Canada has been a rather reluctant partner in NATO from time to time, it is interesting that he should be so enthusiastic.
The Secretary noted that the framework was created at Brussels for a good discussion with regard to Turkey and Greece. The real cog seems to be who will put forth the first proposition, since it will then seem that party is making the concession. So the policy seems to be at a point where one country or the other will put forth a major proposal.
The Secretary said that the only political party in Portugal is the military. The others for all intents and purposes were dead. His basic question about Portugal is why do they stay in NATO, and there seems to be two answers: 1) Because the public is not ready to accept the fact that they might pull out, and 2) Perhaps they are staying in to serve the Communist purpose.
PAGE 4
The big problem in Spain, of course, is how influential can the United States be in keeping Spain from going like Portugal when Franco dies. Therefore, the President met with Franco, as well as Juan Carlos and Arias to be certain the United States was clearly identified with the transitional power and the succession of Franco. (...)
Cabinet Meeting Minutes, 6/4/75, Box 4, James E. Connor Files, Gerald R. Ford Library.
Sunday, January 06, 2013
Callaghan evitou envolver soviéticos na crise de março
Tuesday, January 01, 2013
… a “dr Soares” em 24 de julho de 1975
Passa mais de um ano sobre a primeira análise ao golpe em Lisboa. À mesma mesa de Downing Street, a 24 de julho de 1975, voltam a sentar-se Harold Wilson, James Callaghan. Portugal está na agenda. Em Londres e não só; também em Paris, Washington, Pequim, Moscovo. O cenário era muito diferente de maio de 1974. Há uma revolução vermelha nas ruas de Lisboa.
Os britânicos olhavam a situação “confusa” de Portugal, com Soares a querer derrubar o Governo de Vasco Gonçalves; havia o risco de um golpe de Estado da parte do PCP e da esquerda militar, concluíam eles.
A poucos dias da Cimeira de Helsínquia, Wilson planeava falar, juntamente com o presidente da França, Giscard d’Estaing, ao líder soviético, Leonid Brejnev, sobre Portugal e os riscos, para a política de “detente”, de um envolvimento da URSS nos acontecimentos em Portugal.
“Não havia dúvidas de que a União Soviética estava a fornecer fundos substanciais ao Partido Comunista Português, então o sr. Brejnev tem o poder, ainda que parcialmente, para controlar a situação, como prova de empenhamento na ‘detente ‘”, lê-se na ata da reunião de ministros britânicos*.
Nos arquivos norte-americanos há, também, documentos a atestar este plano de Wilson e Giscard. E até um telegrama do Departamento de Estado norte-americano a relatar que Brezhnev terá dito que ia analisar o pedido…
Harold Wilson era um dos líderes europeus que tinha planeado estar presente num encontro de solidariedade da Internacional Socialista com Portugal, em Estocolmo. Mário Soares era agora uma das figuras centrais da política portuguesa contra o avanço “vermelho” em Portugal. Em Estocolmo, lá estiveram Willy Brandt, Olof Palme, François Miterrand e Yitzak Rabin.
Na ata, Soares já não era o “senhor Soares”, mas sim “dr. Soares”…
Londres, 02 de maio de 1974: De “Senhor Soares”…
No texto da ata (ver página oito do documento na página dos National Archives*) são curiosas as informações relatadas: sobre a visita de Soares a Londres, como “emissário de Spinola”, e o desejo dos comunistas de participarem no Governo saído do 25 de abril.
Pode não parecer novidade, mas Mário Soares também tem uma confissão, no relato feito por Callaghan: a ambição de ser primeiro-ministro.
Apesar dos “grandes problemas” que Portugal vai enfrentar na transição de um “Estado totalitário para uma democracia”, Callaghan dizia acreditar que estava criada “uma oportunidade” para os portugueses.
Problemático era o dossier da descolonização – primeiro tema de fricção entre os militares do MFA e Spínola. Pela ata percebe-se que “o novo regime” acolheria de bom grado conselhos sobre o tema vindos de Londres...
Curiosa é a forma como Soares, secretário-geral do PS, era tratado na ata: “Senhor Soares”. Assim mesmo, com “n” e “h”. Um ano depois, já seria diferente.
Monday, December 31, 2012
Thatcher Papers: Um português nos "papéis" de 1981 e 1982
E há um português... claro. Não se sabe é quem num documento sobre alegada vigilância pela URSS com aviões civis. Quem fez um pouco de investigação sobre o assunto sabe das alegações sobre as preocupações das autoridades aeronáuticas portugueses com os aviões da aeroflot depois do 25 de abril de 1974.
Ao tratar a "papelada" de Thatcher, o Express alega isso mesmo, que havia aviões civis a fazer atividades de espionagem. Um espião soviético foi detido 1981, em Londres, num "encontro clandestino com um cidadão português".
Ler a notícia completa aqui:
http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/367354/USSR-used-civilian-planes-to-spy-
Sunday, October 10, 2010
Sunday, June 20, 2010
Spínola: a conversa que deixou Nixon proecupado com Portugal
O presidente da Junta de Salvação Nacional (JSN) apostou forte nesse breve encontro durante uma escala pelos Açores de Nixon e comitiva no regresso a Wasington, após uma visita ao Médio Oriente. Queria o apoio dos Estados Unidos ao seu modelo de descolonização a duas velocidades, bem diferente do que queriam Soares e os militares, cansados de 13 anos de guerra colonial. Em vão.
Nixon não quis comprometer-se. Numa fase em que a administração norte-americana ainda olhava a revolução portuguesa com expectativa, limitou-se a umas promessas mais ou menos genéricas de apoio.
Mas o frente-a-frente nessa manhã de 19 de Junho não foi tão inconsequente quanto isso. A verdade é que o conteúdo da conversa continua classificada nos arquivos norte-americanos – apesar de Spínola ter feito o seu relato no livro País sem Rumo. Passados 36 anos, das sete páginas do dossier sobre a cimeira apenas uma foi desclassificada. É um memorando de Brent Scowcroft. Mas, mesmo assim, há partes "apagadas".
Scowcroft, num memorando datado de 11 de Julho para Henry Kissinger, o todo-poderoso secretário de Estado, escrevia que em anexo apresentava o que julgava ser uma "pobre versão" da reunião entre os presidente norte-americano e português. A pedido de Spínola, o conselheiro de segurança lembrava que fora a dois, "dado que não confiava em ninguém que o acompanhava". O presidente da Junta fora aos Açores acompanhado pelo ministro Sá Carneiro.
Mas nessa altura, apesar de a revolução dos Cravos estugar o passo e Spínola ainda era visto pelo velho aliado como um homem de confiança à frente do Governo, ao contrário do que aconteceu no Verão Quente de 1975, quando o velho general tinha caído em desgraça aos olhos de Washington. Provas de alguma confiança deu - pelo menos formalmente - o presidente norte-americana numa reunião, a 30 de Julho, poucos dias antes de resignar, com o secretário do Tesouro, Kenneth Rush, conselheiro do Presidente, e Brent Scowcroft. Uma ideia corroborada por Witney Schneidman, no seu livro Confronto em África: Washington e a Queda do Império Colonial Português. Os Estados Unidos ainda tinham o seu general de confiança...
"Spínola é bom... O problema é que os comunistas são as únicas forças organizadas em Portugal", comentou Nixon quando falava da situação política na Europa. Franco, em Espanha, estava a morrer. "E depois? Quem sabe?". Se a Espanha "cair" fora do controlo do Ocidente (e tiver um Governo “comunista”, entenda-se), depois é a Itália, antevia ele, lembrando a posição da Grécia e do Turquia no chamado Flanco Sul, onde os EUA até tinham bases militares que serviam a NATO.
Saturday, December 05, 2009
O recado a Mitterrand

Na conversa com Deng, a estratégia anti-comunista era mais uma vez repetida. Henry Kissinger contou ter sido ele a receber, em Washington, François Mitterrand, líder do PSF, e não Gerald Ford, “para ele não fazer propaganda”. E disse-lhe que a administração Ford só manteria relações com ele se Mitterrand rompesse com o “grupo de [George] Marchais”, líder do PCF. Algo de muito idêntico disse Kissinger ao embaixador em Lisboa, Stuart Nash Scott, em 1974. Por causa da participação de Álvaro Cunhal, secretário-geral do PCP, no Governo Provisório.
(…)
The President: We have no objection to the reunification of Germany,
and as a matter of fact consider it inevitable.
(…)
Vice Premier Teng: During Chancellor Schmidt’s visit he said that
they are making efforts to strengthen their tank and anti-tank weapons,
and their surface-to-air missiles. But I told him to be careful as the Soviet
Union might not try to break through the center. It might attempt
the tactic of outflanking Europe. There are not only problems in the
northern wing, but also in the southern wing, and these are more complicated
and important. We have learned from you that recently the
situation in Portugal has improved, but it is possible there might be reversals
and trials of strength again.
The President: We are working closely with various governments
in West Europe, urging them to take strong action in Portugal; and
we ourselves, as I indicated yesterday, are helping to strengthen the
anti-Communist forces in Portugal. I recognize that the situation is not
yet stable, but the progress has been significant in the past several
weeks.
As I told you yesterday, the United States is working with the government
forces against the Communists in Italy and France. And we
think these problems must be recognized by the governments themselves;
and they must be able to take action against the elements in
their own countries. For example, when Mitterrand came to the United
States, we had no contact with him under any circumstances.
Secretary Kissinger: When he came I saw him, not the President,
and only in the presence of the French Ambassador so that he could
make no propaganda. And we told him we would not deal with him
unless he broke with the Marchais group.
Friday, December 04, 2009
Pequim, Dezembro 1975 - Mao: “Portugal parece estar mais estável”
O documento é recente, foi desclassificado em 2008 e publicado nesse ano no XVIII volume do dossier Foreign Relations of the United States (Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XVIII) , editado pelo Office of the Historian do Departamento de Estado norte-americano. Parte dos memorandos desse volume recebi-os da Ford Library durante a investigação para o “Portugal Classificado”. Mas memorando da conversa de Ford, Kissinger com Mao só me chegou às depois de o livro ser editado, em Abril de 2008. Daí que tenha escrito, erradamente, que a revolução não chegou à mesa das negociações de Kissinger e Mao. Chegou. A discussão não foi profunda e aconteceu em Pequim dias depois do desfecho, com a vitória dos “moderados”, do 25 de Novembro. Ford alerta que os soviéticos estavam a tentar explorar “algumas fraquezas” em Portugal e na Itália, onde a situação política era mais volátil e existiam partidos comunistas com força.
O comentário de Mao é curto. Perante o resultado do 25 de Novembro em Lisboa e a afirmação de Ford sobre as tentações soviéticas, o líder chinês parece concordar com o presidente norte-americano e diz apenas: “Sim, e agora Portugal parece mais estável. Parece estar melhor.”
(…)
President Ford: How are your relations with Western European
countries, Mr. Chairman?
Chairman Mao: They are better, better than our relations with
President Ford: It’s important that our relations with
as well as yours be good to meet the challenge of any Soviet expansion
in
Chairman Mao: Yes. Yes, and on this we have a common point
there with you. We have no conflict of interests in
President Ford: As a matter of fact, Mr. Chairman, some of us believe
that
strengthening of NATO than some of those countries do for themselves.
Chairman Mao: They are too scattered.
President Ford: Some of them are not as strong and forthright as
they should be.
Chairman Mao: As I see it,
not bad.
bit behind.
President Ford: That’s correct. And the
exploit some weaknesses in
we are trying to do so.
Chairman Mao: Yes, and now
seems to be better.
President Ford: Yes, in the last forty-eight hours it has gotten very
encouraging. The forces we support have moved with great strength
and taken the action that is needed to stabilize the situation.
We agree with you that
its resistance against the
what might happen after Tito.
(…)
Ford leva a conversa para Tito e a Jugoslávia, impressionando uma confissão que fez e o elogio à “força e independência” de Ceausescu na Roménia…
Há meses que Kissinger insistia em explicar a política “forte” dos Estados Unidos quanto à União Soviética. Fê-lo com Qiao Guanhua, ministro dos Negócios Estrangeiros chinês, num encontro sem Setembro, em Nova Iorque. “Onde os soviéticos dão sinais de querer expandir-se, nós resistimos.” Mesmo quando enfrenta as críticas tanto interna como externamente. E é o que repete, já em Outubro, em Pequim, quando se encontra com Deng Xiaoping: Evitar “a expansão soviética” mesmo quando os Estados Unidos estão sozinhos a fazê-lo
(…)
Secretary Kissinger: Let me say one thing. Our assessment of Soviet
tendencies does not differ from yours, but our strategic problem
is different than yours.
Your strategic problem is to call the attention to the dangers of this
tendency. Our strategic problem is to be in a position to resist these
tendencies when they occur. To do this we have to demonstrate for our
domestic situation that no other alternative is available.
Therefore we must use language [descriptive] of our relations
[with the
policies in the
the
or foreign criticism.
(…)
Voltemos a 2 de Dezembro. Gerald Ford explica a importância de manter unida e forte o Flanco Sul da Europa (Portugal, Espanha, Grécia, até a Jugoslávia) para conter “quaisquer esforços expansionistas” da União Soviética. De Portugal volta a falar para perguntar por que não aceita a CEE a adesão de Portugal e Espanha. Foi ainda preciso esperar 11 anos e a democratização plena dos dois países ibérios.
(…)
President Ford: We are very concerned about the situation in
as well, Mr. Chairman. The King we do support. We hope he will be
able to handle the elements that would undermine his regime. And we
will work with him in trying to have the necessary control of the situation
during this period of transition.
Chairman Mao: Yes. And anyway we think it would be good if the
European Common Market accepted them. Why doesn’t the EEC want
President Ford: Mr. Chairman, we urged the NATO alliance to be
more friendly to
King that
we feel that the EEC ought to be responsive to movement by the
Spanish Government toward unity with
We will work in both directions as much as we can.
Secretary Kissinger: They are not radical enough for the Europeans.
Chairman Mao: Is that so? Yes, in the past they had fought each
other. Yes, and in the past you did not curse Franco.
President Ford: No. And we support the new King because
the whole southern belly of
strengthened if we are to meet any expansionist efforts by the Soviet
Chairman Mao: Good. Yes, and we think
President Ford: Yes, they went through a difficult time, but the
new government we feel is moving in the right direction and we
will help them. And we hope they will come back as a full partner in
NATO.
(…)
A conversa avança e evolui para os receios de alguns países europeus quanto ao diálogo entre EUA e URSS. O assunto é levantado por Deng. E é nesta parte da conversa que Kissinger interrompe Ford para dizer que os aliados tinham conversações secretas para “coordenar planos” quanto a Espanha, Portugal, Itália e Jugoslávia. O próximo encontro seria na semana seguinte, em Bruxelas, com os ministros dos Negócios Estrangeiros de França, Alemanha, Reino Unido e Itália. Deng dissera o quanto conveniente seria, para a URSS, a “finlandização”. [Definição de José Cutileiro: “durante a Guerra Fria a independência da Finlândia estava limitada por obrigação tácita de defender os interesses de Moscovo”, Expresso, 29 de Dezembro de 2008].
Vice Premier Teng: (…) As I have said to you just
now, the Europeans have worries on two things: that the United
States and the
détente; and they worry they may start deals over their heads.
Second are the domestic problems, and I presume you know there
are the so-called leftist forces. They worry about the strength of the left.
The President: That, of course, was one of the primary reasons for
meeting at Rambouillet. The six countries—four from
our economic plans because if our economic recoveries are not coordinated
or are not moving ahead at a reasonable rate, there is the possibility
that the leftist forces might increase their strength. But it is our
overall view in the
ahead very well, and I believe at Rambouillet there was a consensus—
many of the economic plans were coordinated.
Vice Premier Teng: The problem I have raised just now, perhaps I
can also by way of suggestion say that if the
with the
worried, and if the European countries are under the impression that
they are not in an important position, then the role they may play in
détente with the
will do too much with their relations with the
and these tactics you have mentioned will affect
for the
the European countries one-by-one, to so-called “Finlandize” the countries
of
The President: Mr. Vice Premier, you should have no apprehension
as to our attitude and feeling toward the
of State is meeting regularly with Ministers of four Western European
countries to coordinate our diplomatic and other matters so that
we are working together and we are not, through détente with the Soviet
Secretary Kissinger (interrupting): We meet secretly once a month
to coordinate plans for
we are even making joint plans, for your information, for common
action regarding
spare the feelings of the others. We will meet again next week in
Vice Premier Teng: We are of the view that the top priority is that
the
problem is relatively difficult, because the European countries are many
and their problems are different, and they are not all in agreement.
We have disagreement on the point that the focus of the Soviet
breaks out in
countries in
and
friends from the West, he told them the unification of the two Germanies
is nothing to be feared.
first homeland.
Documentos citados:
Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Kissinger Reports on USSR,
China, and Middle East Discussions, Box 2, China Memcons and Reports, September 28,
1975, Kissinger’s Meeting with PRC Officials. Top Secret; Sensitive; Eyes Only.
Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Kissinger Reports on USSR,
China, and Middle East Discussions, Box 2, China Memcons and Reports, October 19–23,
1975, Kissinger’s Trip. Top Secret; Nodis.
Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Kissinger Reports on USSR,
China, and Middle East Discussions, Box 2, China Memcons and Reports, December 1–5,
1975, President Ford’s Visit to Peking. Secret; Nodis.
Foto: Gerald R. Ford Library.
Consultas:
Volume completo Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XVIII:
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/100316.pdf
Capítulo sobre cimeira de Pequim: "The Summit in Beijing, August–December 1975"







